Dna Computing, The Future Or The End Essays - Molecular Biology

Dna Computing, The Future Or The End? DNA Computing, The Future or the End? The future of computers is in the hands of the next century. The evolution of the Computer Age has become a part of everyday life, and as time proceeds, people are depending more and more on computer technology. From controlling a small wrist watch to the largest super-computers that can calculated the center of the universe, computers are essential for everyone in modern societies. Even most societies outside of the civilized world are not immune to computer technology because they do not have to own a computer to be effected by one. Many cultures, and their futures are subjects to the computer age without even being aware of it. Most anything that has been produced, one way or another, is controlled, scanned, processed, or moved around by some type of computer to manufacture that product for availability in the market. When a consumer goes to purchase these products, their currency will be stored in a cash register that will most likely be a type of computer. The availability of computers has changed, and is changing everything we once knew. There are faster ways of being discovered to manufacture goods or control traffic of those goods everyday. A quicker and better equipped computer would complete a task in minutes when in the past the simple task-procedure may have taken weeks, months, or even years to accomplish manually. One of the most recent and fascinating discoveries was a ?DNA? based computer. Just as we create mathematical computers, computers affect our biological lives. The connection of the two may have finally been conceived. ?Despite their respective complexities, biological and mathematical operations have some similarities: The very complex structure of a living being is the result of applying simple operations to initial information encoded in a DNA sequence; All complex math problems can be reduced to simple addition and subtraction(Friedman).? Incredibly, information is stored in actual strands of DNA. This discovery will revolutionize the future of computers. With the rate of technology the human race has acquired in this century, this new type of DNA technology could make computers of many types smaller than most people could imagine. A compact disk with the DNA encoding could have ten times the storing capabilities as a any CD produced in the world today. This new technology also uses nerve type impulses which greatly accelerate the speed of stored information to be utilized by the computer. It is possible, that every computer we come in contact with will be revolutionized by this newly found resource in technology and this could create unheard of amounts of information storage space on even a simple PC. This discovery could create more room to expand and introduce increased functions to satisfy customer needs to the fullest extent (Halper 122). The mere idea of DNA based computing became known about only a few years ago on November 11, 1994, when Leonard Adleman published an article of the subject in the acclaimed weekly journal, Science. The article described: ?Molecular Computation of Solutions of Combinatorial Problems,? was Adleman's documentation of the first successful though small-scale attempt at designing a DNA based computer. Some critics believe that this context would be a fluke and expected Adleman would fail. To their surprise, they later found a great possibility that this new technology could easily be reproduced. However it will be after the end of the twentieth century before the bulk of the possibilities can be learned about DNA computing. DNA computing is just over three years old, and for this reason, it is too early for either great optimism or great pessimism about the technology. Early computers such as ENIAC filled entire rooms, and had to be programmed by punch cards. Since that time, computers have since become much smaller and easier to use. DNA computers will become more common for solving very complex problems; Just as DNA cloning and sequencing were once manual tasks, DNA computers will now become automated. The first model, of small scale, could restore memory and calculate twice as fast as the worlds leading super-computer, for a very economical price. Thus creating endless possibilities of the use of DNA computing for big business, government and many other types of organizations (Baum 583). Once the bulk of its possibilities have been studied and learned the dawn of DNA based computers would cause the super-computers of tomorrow to be able to handle far more tasks and information than the computers of today. Computers today can only handle a few thousand tasks or operations at the same time, whereas DNA based computers will have the capabilities to perform billions of functions simultaneously. This new technology will have the impact on present day computers as

Everything You Need to Know About Narrative Voice Techniques

Everything You Need to Know About Narrative Voice Techniques The narrative voice, or as it is more commonly known, the point of view (POV), is an essential element in storytelling, as it determines the character with whom the audience will sympathize. It also informs them of the narrators perspective and is essential in shaping their understanding of the storys events.It allows the reader to view everything from the stance of a character and/or narrator, including their feelings and experiences. The narrative voice is an essential element of the telling as it allows the reader to relate to the character telling the story and understand the motivations and desires of other characters, as well.Think of POV like a pair of glasses that you give your audience. In order for them to see what youre seeing clearly, and in the best possible way to experience it, you need to give them the best pair of lenses to do that. Those lenses are the different types of narrative voice.This post will delve into how to identify different types of narrative voice and which pair of lenses would best suit a particular piece of writing.Photo by Valentin Salja on UnsplashFirst PersonIn first person point of view, the story is being told from the perspective of the narrator.Pronouns:I/ weme/ usmy/ ourThis narrative style is one of the most common POVs in fiction. All events in the story are filtered through the eyes of the narrator and the readers experience the story or account from their perspective. Therefore, it is the type of narrative voice that is able to immediately connect with the audience yet is limited to one perspective and is biased by default.Best suited for:Autobiographies (fiction and non-fiction) or personal accountsExamples:Charles Dickens David Copperfield, J.D. Salingers Catcher in the Rye, and F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby.Siobhan said that I should write something I would want to read myself. Mostly I read books about science and maths. I do not like proper novels. In proper novels people say things like, I am veined w ith iron, with silver and with streaks of common mud. I cannot contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus. What does this mean? I do not know. Nor does Father. Nor do Siobhan or Mr Jeavons. I have asked them.From The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark HaddonSecond PersonIn second person point of view, the story is being told from the perspective of the audience.Pronouns:youyourThe second person narrative is less frequently used than the first or the third. In this type of perspective, the story is told as though the reader is the character telling the story. Thus, the audience becomes the driving force of the story, immersed into the action instantly. Second person point of view gives the writer a shot at being different in that the tone surprises the reader, and gives them a more personal way of experiencing the story. It is the most difficult to execute among all the types of narratives, but it can be done.Uses:Most commonly use d in instructional writing, such as recipes and manuals, or any writing requiring a step-by-step procedure; novels.Examples:Italo Calvinos If on a Winters Night, a Traveler, Edward Packards Choose Your Own Adventure series, Jay McInerneys Bright Lights, Big City and Lorrie Moores Self-Help.Your mother has encountered this condition many times, or conditions like it anyway. So maybe she doesnt think youre going to die. Then again, maybe she does. Maybe she fears it. Everyone is going to die, and when a mother like yours sees in a third-born child like you the pain that makes you whimper under her cot the way you do, maybe she feels your death push forward a few decades, take off its dark, dusty headscarf, and settle with open-haired familiarity and a lascivious smile into this, the single mud-walled room she shares with all of her surviving offspring.From How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia by Mohsin HaminThird PersonIn third person point of view, the story is being told from outsi de a single characters perspective.Pronouns:she/heher/histhey/itThe third person narrative is perhaps the most commonly used perspective. It used when the narrator is not a character in the story and is therefore, on the outside looking in. It offers the audience some distance from the characters of the story. It has three sub-types, which I will cover below.Best suited for:Novels and historical documentation.Third Person LimitedWhen the narrator only knows what the characters know and only follows a single perspective at a time and thus, has limited knowledge of the events. It is similar to the first person narrative as it is restricted to the knowledge, perspective and experiences of a singular character.Examples:J.K. Rowlings Harry Potterseries, George Orwells 1984 and George R.R. Martins A Storm of Swords.The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went to Madrid.From Hills Like White Elephants by HemingwayThird Person Multiple (Multiple Perspective/Multi-Narrative)According to Donald Maass, Multiple viewpoints provide diversion from, and contrast to, the protagonists perspective. They can deepen conflict, enlarge a storys scope and add to a novel the rich texture of real life†¦ Our lives intersect, collide and overlap. Subplots lend the same sense of connectivity to a novel. They remind us of our mutual need, our inescapable conflicts and our intertwined destinies.This type of narrative voice allows the narrator to follow several characters in the story, switch between them and recount the story from different viewpoints. This style is tricky, as it can confuse the audience easily. But it is possible, as long as:Each change in POV is clear (the writer can use section or chapter breaks).There is an inherent thematic reason in the change (for example, in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse, Woolf uses multiple perspectives to emphasize themes of expectation and judgment between sexes).The change should serve to move the story forward. These shifts in perspective are considered subplots and are therefore crucial to the intrinsic nature of the story. The change must reveal an important aspect of the plot or the main characters significant enough in progressing the story.Photo by Clem Onojeghuo on UnsplashIf you feel that you should write in multiple POVs, a few important questions to ask are:Is it necessary to tell a story that really must be presented in the eyes of multiple characters?If so, why?How many stories are you trying to tell?How are they all linked together or how do they all intersect in order to unify the overarching story arc as a whole?This article gives great advice for writing in multiple POVs, which is still considered a limited perspective, as the narrator is not all-knowing and is confined by the characters he/she follows.ExamplesA brilliant one is t he historical method, which is used by historians to verify and form historical narratives about accounts in the past by using primary sources and evidence such as archeological artifacts. Historians follow multiple accounts in order to prove and confirm the occurrence of an event.Other examplesGeorge R.R. Martins A Song of Fire and Ice series, Paolo Coelhos The Witch of Portobello, Roberto Bolanos 2666, and Vladimir Nabokovs Pale Fire.Third Person OmniscientIn this point of view, the narrator is all-knowing and is unbound by the limited perspectives of the characters. The narrator knows the goals, motivations, intentions, back stories, inner thoughts and emotions of everyone in the story, and therefore, becomes god-like. The narrator is able to provide a precise and intuitive telling with an interconnected knowledge of all the events.ExamplesGabriel Garcà ­a Marquez One Hundred Years of Solitude, Douglas Adams Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, and Leo Tolstoys Anna Karenina.Elizabe th, having rather expected to affront him, was amazed at his gallantry; but there was a mixture of sweetness and archness in her manner which made it difficult for her to affront anybody; and Darcy had never been so bewitched by any woman as he was by her. He really believed, that were it not for the inferiority of her connections, he should be in some danger.From Pride and Prejudice by Jane AustenSo, which narrative style should you use? There is no correct answer, as long as each character and subplot serves to move the story forward. Every narrative can be told from multiple standpoints. Making the decisions concerning how many stories are being told, how many characters are necessary for the telling, and how they all intertwine to unify the world of the story is one of the great tests of a writers creativity.Ultimately, the writers tasks are to think about the limitations of each perspective, determine which feels most natural to the story, take cues from the POVs of different w orks, and focus on the intention of the story in order to assess which narrative style would suit the telling best.

Essay on Frazer&Patti Candy Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Frazer&Patti Candy - Essay Example Managing marketing pursuits requires evaluation and critical assessment of markets and consumer buying behaviors in those markets. The manager at the Candy Council had critically accounted for this provision beforehand. Antonella critically reviewed advertising pursuits and strategies employed by New Century Advertising to determine the impact of advertising on candy consumption. Loopholes emerged as to the effectiveness of advertising that the Candy Council engaged in. The council engaged in huge advertisement financing for candy consumption. While some advertisement bids realized positive results, there were times when consumption declined with exacerbating advertisement pursuits (Frazer & Patti, 2000). According to Antonella, the role of advertising for the council’s pursuits was unclear. However, it was also clear that the council was in dire need for advertisement given the market trends in candy consumption. For this reason, the three finalist advertisement agencies need ed critical scrutiny for effectiveness and efficiency. All the three finalists had their strongholds and weaknesses. According to the summarized agency profiles, the three finalists were competitive enough in their own way for the advertisement task. However, their ratings according to the council’s advertising manager would play a central role in choosing the agency that would oversee the Candy Council’s advertisement activities. The ineffectiveness that Antonella attributed to advertisement emanated from the comparison of candy consumption figures to the level of investment in advertisement that the council was making. In several instances, huge investments yielded negative results in terms of candy consumption, a scenario that depicted no need for investment. This was the primary concern for Antonella. The council’s advertisement manager, therefore, remained torn between need and no need for advertisement. Up to 70 percent growth in candy gift giving had been realized for a period of ten years by the time Antonella started working for the council (Frazer & Patti, 2000). What was not clear to her is the role of advertising in the realization of that growth. However, even with Antonella’s failure to comprehend the role of advertisement in the realization of that growth, advertisement had actually contributed to the 70 percent growth realized. The Candy Council remained vibrant in creating awareness and marketing candy products, without necessary advocating for specific candy brands. In this regard, this pursuit had mobilized candy consumers into candy gift giving, even when no specific candy products had been highlighted by such advertisements. New Century Advertising had worked with the Candy Council for several years. In this regard, the agency was fully integrated into the council’s activities unlike the other two advertisement agencies. The evaluation conducted by Antonella depicted inadequacies in the duty performance o f New Century Advertising. Antonella’s agency ratings showed that the other two finalists were better than the current agency. However, the fact that New Century Advertising understood the candy market environment that the council operated in was overlooked. Given the fact that all the three advertisement agencies were dealing with edible consumer products, changing the current agency would be relatively insignificant. New Century Adve

The Castle of Otranto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Castle of Otranto - Essay Example However, at some point she could also be seen as one who deliberately chose to be blind to her unreciprocated feelings toward her husband and has thus fooled herself to believing that Manfred simply did not like her to worry about difficult situations. For instance, it has been expected that when Conrad died, the family members should be the ones gathering together to comfort each other. Hippolita was very worried about her husband so she sent her daughter to his side but she was driven away. Instead, Conrad’s fiancà ©e, Isabella, was summoned and without any inkling, Hippolita sent the young princess to her husband and never thought ill of her husband. The above-mentioned attitude of Hippolita may be understandable at such an emotional moment however her character is questioned at a time when she is able to think more clearly about her family’s affairs. When Manfred suggested that Matilda should be married to Prince Frederic, the woman later learned of the evil plans of the prince. Everything fell into place as she learned that Manfred had plans of divorcing her as â€Å"the recollection of Manfred’s late ambiguous discourses confirmed what she heard† (p. 79). Nevertheless, instead of trying to save her marriage or her daughter from a future she did not like to live, Hippolita used all her influence on her daughter to give in to the desires of her father. It is this event that puts into question how Hippolita claims to feel toward her daughter especially when she learns that Matilda is in love with the young Theodore. For a modern individual, it is quite difficult to comprehend a doting mother to let her child suffer a long-term relationship that can rob her daughter of the happiness she should experience with the man she loves. Having herself experienced a difficult life with her husband, Hippolita should be the first to understand and foresee what Matilda

Marketing Mix of Fuze Drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Mix of Fuze Drinks - Essay Example Fuze Drinks sets to establish itself as a flavored beverage. The brand also aims to establish itself as a nutritional ingredient in the market. In Brazil the product should feature with lot more variety and it should try to introduce new flavor so that it may try to satisfy the wide taste and preference of the Brazilians. Generally the product is available in seven base color varieties and it is also available in five slenderize flavor varieties. (DBR staff writer) The product should aim to grab the attention of people of all generation. Generally in Brazil the demand for drinks and beverage is high and the product is expected to do a good amount of business if marketed properly. Place: The next element of the marketing mix is place. In order to make the product popular, the availability of the product should be made abundant. The product should feature in popular areas and in places where there is much more probability of the product to get sold. Efforts should be made so that abund ant quantity of the drink is available near schools, colleges, offices, shopping malls, entertainment parks, community halls. The product also needs to be available in local retail stores. Initially the product should be targeted to sell in the urban and the popular areas of Brazil and with increase in popularity, the product should be aimed to be introduced in the rural areas as well. ... Though the presence of intermediaries also demands a share of the profit but the mass sale of soft drinks does not harm the cause of overall profitability. Promotion: As Fuze Drink is a new product in the Brazilian market, effective and strong promotion is required to create awareness among the people regarding the launch of  the new drinks. The popular mode of promotion needs to be utilized to their full extent. Fuze Drinks have already established a good market in USA. The brand popularity in USA needs to be used in the Brazilian market to prove its stand among the other competitors. The mass promotion by a Brand ambassador is a common way to reach out to people. Extensive advertisement in the media needs to be done. As the product is new, banners and cutouts describing about the product should be made visible in important parts of the city. To provide a taste of the product, distribution of some free samples can also be a lucrative idea. Introductory offers and discounts should also be made to create interest among the general public. Promotion over the web space is also a must as it is the most popular source of media in the present generation.   Price: Setting up a comparative price range is crucial for the success of a product in is initial days. Often people have the perception that price determines the quality of a product. But as a new entrant in the market Fuze Drink should mark the price of its product in reach of average customers and also in parity with the price of other drinks available in the market. In The United States, Fuze Drink in 18 oz bottle is priced around $ 2 to $ 2.50.( Patrice)In Brazil the cost of .33 liter of coke and Pepsi ranges around

An Analysis Of Fractional Distillation

An Analysis Of Fractional Distillation Describe, with the help of a diagram, how the different hydrocarbon fractions in crude oil are separated by fractional distillation. Identify the main fractions by name and according to the approximate number of carbon atoms in the molecules. In the world today the primary source of fuel for most of our needs come from fossil fuels. These are in the form of coal, natural gas and crude oil. In the petrochemical industry the crude oil is refined through a process of fractional distillation. This breaks apart the larger hydrocarbons into their smaller fractions at varying temperatures in the distillation tower. The heavier fractions containing the most carbon atoms are drawn off at the highest temperatures and the lighter the hydrocarbons the lower the temperature needs to be to draw off the fraction. The process of fractional distillation provides the following groups of products: 1. Liquid petroleum gas 2. Naphtha 3. Gasoline 4. Kerosene 5. Diesel oil 6. Lubricating oils 7. Fuel oils 8. Residues 8. Residues Furnace Liquid petroleum gas id the lightest fraction and is drawn off as a gas from the top of the distillation tower. It contains between 1 and 5 carbon atoms. It is the lightest fraction and is not very dense, because of this it can be drawn off at a temperature of 20 °C. It is used as an alternative to petrol in cars following a conversion. FurnaceNaphtha is a fraction that contains between 5 and 9 carbon atoms, with this increase in carbon atoms the density and boiling points increase. This means that the fraction will come off at a higher temperature of 70 °C. This fraction can be further broken down in the process of thermal cracking to produce ethylene and benzene which are important in the plastics and pharmaceutical industry. Gasoline contains between 5 and 10 carbon atoms and is drawn of at a temperature of 120 °C. This is the lightest fraction of the liquid grade fuels that are commonly used. It is what we know as petrol and widely used in cars and small 2 stroke engines. Kerosene contains between 10 and 16 carbon atoms and is drawn off at a temperature of 170 °C. This is the principal fuel in the aviation industry where it is graded further depending on the final use. It is widely used for powering gas turbines and other internal combustion engines in propeller driven aircraft. The use of kerosene to fuel aircraft is because it must have a high specific enthalpy of combustion per gram as this will release a lot of energy when it burns this means it will also have a high enthalpy density. This is important as the fuel must be stored. A less dense fuel will use more space and provide less energy for the space it takes up on the aircraft. Diesel oils are drawn off at a temperature of 270 °C and contain between 14 and 20 carbon atoms. This is very similar to kerosene and has a similar consistency with the increase in viscosity and increase in boiling point it become necessary to keep the fuel warm in cold environments as the fuel becomes thick and refuses to flow through fuel systems, this problem if needed can be solved by lighting a fire under the fuel tank to bring the fuel up to temperature and enable it to flow. Also as this fuel is not dissimilar to kerosene some gas turbines like the Rolls Royce Pegasus 11-61 turbofan will operate with no appreciable loss of power or function. Lubricating oils come off at a temperature of between 300 and 375 °C and contain 20 to 50 carbon atoms. This high content of carbon atoms gives the lubricating oils their high viscosity and high melting point making them ideal for this use. Fuel oil is the heaviest of the fractions to come of other than the residue and is drawn off at a temperature of 600 °C and has between 20 and 70 carbon atoms, this is a very heavy thick fuel which often requires pre heating before use in the fuel system. The main uses for this fuel are for large diesel engines in ships trains and factories. It is also used as a reserve supply for power stations at peak demand when gas supplies are limited. This fraction is also used to quench the residue in the process of thermal cracking to produce heavy fuel oil. This is also known as bunker oil, the lowest grade of fuel oil for use in the shipping industry as a cheaper alternative to fuel oil. The residue from the distillation process is drawn off from the bottom of the distillation tower and contains a high number of carbon atoms >70 this carbon rich mixture is washed in fuel oil in the steam cracking process to make heavy fuel oil. This process leaves the residue coke. The raw residues are used in the manufacture of asphalts for road surfacing and bitumens for sealing roofing materials that also may be made from this residue sold as roofing felts. b. Why might fractional distillation be carried out under reduced pressure? Fractional distillation is carried out under reduced pressure because when the pressure of the substance is reduced the intermolecular forces between the molecules become weaker. These molecules are then able to escape as vapour more rapidly and means that the process of fractional distillation can take place at a lower temperature which both reduces the energy needed and ultimately cost. c. Some heavier fractions are processed using cracking. Explain what is meant by cracking and why it is carried out. The term cracking is used to refer to the breaking of larger hydrocarbons into smaller constituent parts to produce the smaller and more useful alkanes and an alkene and to further process the residues from fractional distillation. This can be done in several ways, and can be split into thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Both of these processes are used in the petrochemical industry to process some of the heavier fractions of crude oil further into gasoline and other useful products the lighter fractions of naphtha and butane are also processed into compounds of ethylene and benzene for use in the pharmaceutical and plastics industry The demands of consumers for large amounts of gasoline for cars means that over 50% of the crude oil has to be turned into gasoline to meet demand and as this fraction only forms 30-40% of crude oil the demand has to be met by way of other processs . d. Distinguish between thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Give examples of products formed by each method. Thermal cracking of hydrocarbons is done in 3 ways. steam, vis breaking and coking. In these processes the hydrocarbons are heated to a high temperature until they break into there component parts. Steam cracking is where the hydrocarbons are briefly heated with high temperature steam to 816  °C Ethane and Naphtha produce light alkenes such as ethylene and propylene the heavier naphthas are cracked into gasoline. Benzene comes off at the higher temperature of around 1000 °C and is an important molecule in the pharmaceuticals industry. Ethylene is used in the manufacture of plastics Vis breaking is carried out to process the residues from the distillation process. This is done by heating the residue to 482 °C and then quenching it with fuel oil. This then poured down a distillation tower and then flashed without oxygen. This flashing of the residue produces the product heavy fuel oil and tar. Coke is the final residue from the process of steam cracking and is deposited on the sides of the furnace which is then periodically cleaned off in the process of decoking the furnace. This coke is then sold on for use in industry as a fuel. Fluid catalytic cracking is the most important process of converting the fractions of crude oil into the more valuable gasoline, olefinic and other products. This process has largely replaced the thermal cracking process as it yields a higher return of gasoline with a higher octane rating. This process of fluid catalytic cracking runs as a continuous process in the refinery without interruption 24 hours a day for a number of years without before routine maintenance. The modern fluid catalytic cracking is a complex process in which the recycled fractions are injected into a riser with a high boiling point stock which is at a temperature between 315 °C and 430 °C and a pressure of 1.72barg. This vaporises the larger hydrocarbons and on contact with the catalyst it cracks them into smaller hydrocarbons. The catalyst that is used in the process is then cleaned of the hydrocarbon deposits and then recycled back through a regenerator. This is done by blowing air into the regenerator an d burning off the coke deposits. This regenerator operates at a temperature of 715 °C. The burning off of the coke from the catalyst is exothermic a heats it up. This recycled catalyst is then returned to the process and provides the heat to vaporise the stock and residue mixture and provide the energy for the endothermic cracking reaction. This process is dependant on both the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst. There are four main components to the modern catalyst in the FCC. These are crystalline zeolite, matrix, binder and filler. The zeolite is the main provider of catalytic activity. The matrix contains amorpous alumina which also provides some catalyst activity within the sites of large pores. This enables the cracking of larger hydrocarbons than the zeolite alone. The binders and fillers of the catalyst provide the physical strength and maintain its integrity. Contaminants in the stock from metals all have a detrimental effect on the catalyst which can be mit igated in some way by avoiding stock with contaminant, fresh catalyst, demetalisation though this is expensive, and by adding other metals to form compounds that are less troublesome to the catalyst. e. Write a possible equation for the cracking of dodecane, C12H26. Heat + CH3(CH2)10CH3 CH3(CH2)4CH3 +H2C=CH(CH2)3CH3 Dodecane _ hexane 1-hexane. The thermal cracking of the dodecane is exothermic and the heat that is used in the process is largely taken up by the catalyst in an endothermic reaction. This heat energy is then partly recovered in the re use of the catalyst up until the point it requires cleaning or replacing. 2 a.(i) Define what is meant by a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed chemically or consumed in the reaction. They can however change physically. Catalysis is the process of increasing or decreasing the rate of a reaction. These can be both positive and negative. The catalysts that speed up reaction are called positive catalysts and ones that slow down reactions are called inhibitors. There are also substances that increase the activity of the catalysts which are called promotors; the substances that deactivate the catalysts are called catalytic poisons. The use of catalysts is a means of making the process viable if it would not happen without it and also as a means of making the process cost efficient in terms of energy use and cost. The ability of the catalyst to be reused in most cases reduces the cost further. a.(ii) How do catalysts work? During chemical reactions the addition of a catalyst will increase the rate of the reaction at a lower energy level than the reaction without an addition of a catalyst. The combination of product and catalyst reactants raises it above the activation barrier and raises the potential energy of the reactant molecules as they come together. The energy of the activated complex reaches its maximum and form an activated complex, this activation energy then falls and the product forms and the molecules of the catalyst and product separate. This means the catalyst can be recovered from the product and used again following some reprocessing in some instances. The use of catalysts can be for both cost saving and also as some reactions may take a long time or not even be possible without the addition of a catalyst. b. Why is it important that catalytic converters start working at as low a temperature as possible? It is important for the catalyst converter to work at as lower temperature as possible as reaction rates are almost always increased when the temperature rises. This is because as the temperature increases so do collision rates of the molecules between the catalyst and exhaust gases. To ensure that the rich mix of gases emitted by a cool engine is converted fully at low temperatures it is necessary for the catalyst to be active at a low temperature. This also means as the temperature increases the reaction rate will increase too. c. Why do you think the catalytic converter is sited close to the engine? The catalytic converter is sited close to the engine to ensure that the exhaust gases are as hot as possible before entering the converter. By keeping the gases hot it will increase the catalysis rate due to the molecules being more active as the temperature is increased. d. Why are harmful emissions on short car journeys or in cold weather particularly high? Short journeys will not raise the temperature of the engine block or manifold assembly, this leads to the hot combustion gases being cooled in the short journey to the converter. Operating in low temperatures will also cool the manifold assembly on a continuous basis as cold air passes the manifold leading to the cooling of the exhaust gases If the temperature is consistently cold the injectors or carburettors can be retuned to burn a leaner mix which raises the burn temperature in the cylinder and reduce the emission of un burnt fuel and rich exhaust gases into the catalytic converter. The burning of a lean mix at normal temperature will raise the cylinder temperature and cause pitting on the piston head and possible damage to the cylinder which in time will cause oil to pass into the cylinder producing soot and partially burnt oil into the exhaust system. e. Explain what is meant by poisoning a catalyst? The catalyst converter can be poisoned by containments in fuel and by burning the wrong type. This leads to the coating of the catalyst with contaminants like lead from leaded fuels and manganese which is used as additive to gasoline. Gasket failure in the cylinder head will lead to oil and coolant entering the cylinder and being ejected out in the exhaust gases. Depositing partially burnt oil and silicon from the coolant in the converter. This reduces the contact between the catalyst and exhaust gases. Some of this reversible over time but the catalytic converter will be less effective in the mean time and may never fully recover its full working capacity. f. What is done to the catalyst metals to increase their efficiency? The catalytic converter is made of several components witch all have important roles to play in the functioning of the catalytic converter. The core or substrate in modern catalytic converters is made up of a ceramic honeycomb or a stainless steel foil. This is so that it doesnt react with the catalyst and also providing an extremely large surface area to support the washcoat. This washcoat is to make the converter more efficient and is often a mixture of silica and alumina. This provides a rough surface area on the substrate which greatly increases the surface area compared to the honeycomb structure alone. The catalyst and washcoat are mixed and then added to the substrate. This catalyst is made up of precious metals such as platinum which is the most widely used metal as it is the most active catalyst but not necessarily suitable in all situations. There are several different metals used as catalysts as some are more suitable than others in certain circumstances. To reduce the cos t and reduce unwanted reactions palladium and rhodium are also used. Platinum and rhodium are used as a reduction catalyst; platinum and palladium are used as an oxidising catalyst. There are several other metals used in catalytic converters though their uses have limitations and legislation also prevents use in certain countries due to the toxicity of the substances they produce. g. What is meant by homogeneous catalysis? Is the catalysis taking place in a catalytic converter a good example of homogeneous catalysis? Discuss. Homogeneous catalysis is when the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants and product. The homogeneous catalysts are more selective for a single product, more active and easily modified for optimising selectivity. Though these catalysts are more prone to permanent deactivation and are difficult to separate from the product so the catalytic converter is not a good example of a homogeneous catalyst. The catalytic converter in the exhaust system of a car is a heterogeneous catalyst as the catalyst product and reactant are not in the same phase. As the metals are coated onto a ceramic honeycomb surface the gases from the engine must diffuse to the catalyst surface and absorb onto it. This is why the catalyst needs to be coated thinly onto the honeycomb structure to increase the chance of the molecules coming into contact with the catalyst. The 3 main reactions that take place in the converter are as follows. 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) → N2(g) + 2CO2(g) 2C6H6(g) + 15O2  Ã¢â€ â€™ 12CO2(g) +6H2O(l) h. Suggest a reason why the catalytic converter has to be replaced eventually. The catalytic converter will eventually have to be replaced as the physical structure and catalyst will become worn out and polluted by contaminants. This will reduce the capability of gases to be converted as there will be less contact both from soiling and reduced surface area due to physical and chemical degradation of both the substrate and the catalyst. As this catalyst is coated onto the substrate in the manufacturing process it is not possible to reuse the catalyst and a new one will be required. i. Catalytic converters convert the pollutant gases carbon monoxide, C7H16 and nitrogen monoxide into harmless gases. However, this is still only a partial solution to the emission problem. Explain why. Even though the catalytic converter converts the more harmful gases into carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and waters it is only a partial solution to the problem of huge amounts of waste gases being emitted into the atmosphere? This is because the carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases are both pollutants that both contribute to the problem of global warming and in the case of CO2 a contributor to the acidification of the oceans. This latter problem could have far reaching consequences in relation to marine life for which 2 billion people rely upon for protein and the associated industries that harvest the sea for commercial gain. j. An. oxygen sensor monitors the oxygen flowing through the exhaust system and feeds back to control the fuel-air mixture entering the engine. Why do you think too little oxygen flowing over the catalyst would be a bad thing? Why do you think too much oxygen flowing over the catalyst might be a bad thing? The sensor in modern cars monitors the oxygen that flows through the catalytic converter. This provides the information for the engine management system to feed oxygen into the exhaust gases when insufficient oxygen is present from either cold starting or fuel rich gases being emitted this ensures the catalyst can completely react and convert the gases. If there is insufficient oxygen the gases will not be completely converted leading to the emissions of the more harmful gases. The presence of too much oxygen will cause an increase in temperature and also oxidisation of the catalyst which will cause degradation from heat or corrosion. k. It has been suggested that battery-powered cars, which do not emit pollutants, are a solution to the problems of environmental pollution. What effect would the increased use of battery-powered cars have on the demand for electricity? What would be the consequences for the environment of this demand? The global car count to date is approximately 600 million and is expected to double in the next 30 years to a huge 1.2 billion cars. This is clearly going to cause problems both for the demand of fuel to build and power them and also in the pollutants they emit. The use of gasoline and diesel oils to fuel this demand is eventually going to rapidly deplete world reserves at an ever increasing rate. This will happen even if car numbers stayed at todays level as extraction is almost at its peak level. The current theories on how much is left is a secret closely guarded by opec and the oil rich nations like Saudi Arabia who for the last 30 years have never changed the forecast for the reserves they hold. This is clearly untrue, and in the future will cause a sudden collapse of the availability of oil. It has been suggested that electric powered cars could be a solution to the problems of both pollution and consumption of one of the most valuable resources mankind has. As a solution is th is possible? There are a number of factors to take into account. Cost of replacing 600-1 billion cars in both raw materials and energy to make them and scrap the old one. Increase in the demand for electricity and can this demand be met without a net increase in global emissions from power stations without burning huge amounts of carbon fuels. Will the electric car be able to meet the demands of the travel hungry consumers? Is there the global political will to address the issue? Resistance of the world population to change there ways, this is important as all the thinking in the world is of no use if nobody will do anything. On the cost of replacing 600-1.2 billion cars, it is going to cost a huge amount of money, approximately 12 trillion pounds for the new ones and 3 trillion for scrapping the old ones. This is a total of  £15 trillion. An estimate on the total amount of dollars in the world is 908 billion in use as of 2009 (source: Federal Reserve). In addition to this there is $1,655.6 billion in current accounts, $8,326.8 billion in savings and approximately $10 trillion in bank deposit certificate and stocks. As this latter one is money that is not freely available it could be said there is approximately $8.3 trillion of accessible cash. This is a huge amount of money, far short of the money needed to replace the global car collection. Although this is not all the money in the world it is a considerable amount of it and can be taken as a fair marker of how difficult it is going to be to fund the change. Although the electric powered car is efficient at approximately 40% compared to gasoline at15%. Could the demand be met from the electric industry without increasing emissions? The answer to this is yes at a cost. global electricity production annually is 13.7 trillion watts. The requirements on demand if we were all to go electric would be approximately 60.44 billion watts though the annual cost of charging the cars up would be cheap compared to the use of gasoline. There needs to be a global political will to change and this may not come until problems from global warming have started to have an economic effect Last of all will the people of the world do the right thing for the good of the planet and make the change, it would be nice to think they would but this will be the most difficult challenge of them all as most people are not keen on a change.

Dreams and Success in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essays

Dreams and Success in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman  Ã‚        Ã‚  In Arthur Miller's play, Death of a Salesman, Miller probes the dream of Willy Lowman while making a statement about the dreams of American society. This essay will explore how each character of the play contributes to Willy's dream, success, and failure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy is the aging salesman whose imagination is much larger than his sales ability. Willy's wife, Linda, stands by her husband even in his absence of realism. Biff and Happy follow in their father's fallacy of life. Willy's brother, Ben is the only member of the Loman family with the clear vision necessary to succeed. Charlie and his son Benard, on the other hand, enjoy better success in life compared to the Lomans. Miller has written an ambiguous play - unwilling to commit himself to a firm position with respect to tawdry business ethic and the ?industrialized? American dream. Miller alludes to an earlier version of the American dream - escape to the West and the farm, but he then denies us the fulfillment of our expectations. The play makes no judgment on America, although Miller seems always on the verge of one. But Willy is not a tragic hero; he is a foolish and ineffectual man for whom we feel pity. We cannot equate Willy?s failure to realize his dream with the failure of the American dream.   Indeed, there is a lot of room for failure as well as great success in America. The system is not the one to blame. Willy can only blame himself for not becoming what he wanted to be. The next character, Willy Loman's wife Linda, is not part of the solution but rather part of the problem with this dysfunctional family and their inability to see things for what they really are. Louis Gordon ... ...ly one of them capable of achieving success. However, Charlie and his son Bernard were able to achieve greatness and to make the system work for them. In the end, the decision to make it in this American system is, ironically, up to the individual.    Works Cited Eisinger, Chester E. "Focus on Arthur Miller's 'Death of a Salesman': The Wrong Dreams," in American Dreams, American Nightmares, (1970 rpt In clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1976 vol. 6:331 Foster, Richard J. (Confusion and Tragedy: The Failure of Miller's 'Salesman' (1959) rpt in clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1983 vol. 26:316 Gardner, R. H. ("Tragedy of the Lowest Man," in his Splintered Stage: (1965) rpt in clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1983 vol. 2l6:320 Gordon, Lois "Death of a Salesman": An Appreciation, in the Forties: 1969) rpt in clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1983 vol. 26:323   

Moral Philosophy Essay

Hare uses the â€Å"indirect† version of utilitarianism. Hare believes that individuals can deliberate at the intuitive level. In dire situations where there is no time to evaluate decisions on a critical level, intuition maybe used to commit most acts. Direct utilitarianism follows a rigid rules approach to utilitarianism. Hare’s approach implies that certain acts done intuitively will become moral because the decision was made on a gut level instinct instead of simply following a set of rules. Hare attempts to distinguish his theories from â€Å"crude† or direct utilitarianism. However, it would seem that he does not remove the problems of direct utilitarianism, but he manages to create new ones. â€Å"An act (for act utilitarians) or rule (for rule utilitarians) is right if and only if the act or rule maximizes the utility of all persons (or sentient beings). † 1 Following the direct utilitarianism approach, there is no flexibility for human emotion or consequences. In addition, there is no true definition of what is right for all persons. An example would be a decision by a surgeon in an emergency room to save the life of an elderly priest or that of a young man that was in a terrible car accident. By the direct utilitarianism approach, the surgeon would have to ascertain what would be best for all persons. Such a decision would realistically be made deliberation and gut instinct. The direct utilitarianism approach does not answer what is best for everyone in this type of circumstance. The problem with Hare’s approach is one can prove virtually any moral dilemma with custom tailored and non-realistic circumstances where gut instinct would be used as the determining factor for the situation. There are no set guidelines for defining what is moral for these extenuating circumstances. Hare in general often speaks about conflicting desires, and he seems to adhere to Plato’s notion that being good coincides with being informed. What Hare fails to address is that some individuals might desire to do evil. Hare presumes that the individual is going to conform to the standards of society and use deliberation to not commit heinous and horrific acts. With the direct utilitarianism approach, individuals will act for the good of everyone thus more likely to conform to moral restrictions placed upon them by society. Hare’s approach states that individuals will follow gut instinct to do what is moral but at the same time Hare’s approach calls for individuals to follow deliberation when making some decisions. For the individual that is a sociopath, Hare’s response would be that the sociopath would â€Å"condemn those desires at a critical level†. 2 With the assumption of individual conformity to the group’s standard, Hare is contracting his gut instinct part of the decision making progress. Hare argues that direct utilitarianism cannot accommodate political rights because the government is an institutional set of rules and regulations. Direct utilitarianism assumes that the government knows what is best for the majority. Hare’s approach would require the individual to deliberate as to follow the rules set forth by the government. Using Hare’s approach it would be ethical for an individual to refuse to pay taxes or speed on the highway because there would’ve been a deliberation and analysis based on the critical level of thinking. Hare’s approach is more direct utilitarianism on the political issues because the individual will most likely make a choice that is inherently good for everyone to avoid negative consequences such as a speeding ticket or imprisonment. Each decision or choice that the individual makes results in some type of consequence. Hare’s approach to indirect utilitarianism does not address consequences. The direct utilitarianism addresses consequences because the individual is going to follow rules that are set forth for the good of the whole. Direct utilitarianism requires conformity to societal standards to maximize individual happiness. Hare’s approach requires that the individual deliberate and make a decision. Yet, the other part of his approach requires the individual to follow gut instinct while conforming to good of the whole to make an ethical decision. Instead of refuting the direct utilitarianism approach, Hare is supporting the notion that we all have a set of rules that we inherently follow. To strictly follow Hare’s approach to indirect utilitarianism, society would be in total chaos because virtually any circumstance can be manipulated to appear as though the individual was following instinct and thus making a moral decision. There are no overall guidelines for extenuating circumstances with Hare’s approach to indirect utilitarianism. Hare creates more chaos in trying to refute the direct utilitarianism approach instead of providing solid arguments for the nature of human beings and ethical decisions.

Hypothesis Test Example of Calculating Probability

Hypothesis Test Example of Calculating Probability An important part of inferential statistics is hypothesis testing. As with learning anything related to mathematics, it is helpful to work through several examples. The following examines an example of a hypothesis test, and calculates the probability of type I and type II errors. We will assume that the simple conditions hold. More specifically we will assume that we have a simple random sample from a population that is either normally distributed or has a large enough sample size that we can apply the central limit theorem. We will also assume that we know the population standard deviation. Statement of the Problem A bag of potato chips is packaged by weight. A total of nine bags are purchased, weighed and the mean weight of these nine bags is 10.5 ounces. Suppose that the standard deviation of the population of all such bags of chips is 0.6 ounces. The stated weight on all packages is 11 ounces. Set a level of significance at 0.01. Question 1 Does the sample support the hypothesis that true population mean is less than 11 ounces? We have a lower tailed test. This is seen by the statement of our null and alternative hypotheses: H0 : ÃŽ ¼11.Ha : ÃŽ ¼ 11. The test statistic is calculated by the formula z (x-bar - ÃŽ ¼0)/(ÏÆ'/√n) (10.5 - 11)/(0.6/√ 9) -0.5/0.2 -2.5. We now need to determine how likely this value of z is due to chance alone. By using a table of z-scores we see that the probability that z is less than or equal to -2.5 is 0.0062. Since this p-value is less than the significance level, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. The mean weight of all bags of chips is less than 11 ounces. Question 2 What is the probability of a type I error? A type I error occurs when we reject a null hypothesis that is true. The probability of such an error is equal to the significance level. In this case, we have a level of significance equal to 0.01, thus this is the probability of a type I error. Question 3 If the population mean is actually 10.75 ounces, what is the probability of a Type II error? We begin by reformulating our decision rule in terms of the sample mean. For a significance level of 0.01, we reject the null hypothesis when z -2.33. By plugging this value into the formula for the test statistics, we reject the null hypothesis when (x-bar – 11)/(0.6/√ 9) -2.33. Equivalently we reject the null hypothesis when 11 – 2.33(0.2) x-bar, or when x-bar is less than 10.534. We fail to reject the null hypothesis for x-bar greater than or equal to 10.534. If the true population mean is 10.75, then the probability that x-bar is greater than or equal to 10.534 is equivalent to the probability that z is greater than or equal to -0.22. This probability, which is the probability of a type II error, is equal to 0.587.

Hourani on Middle Eastern History

Hourani on Middle Eastern History Albert Hourani’s article addresses the ideas and approaches that historians use to map the history of Middle East. Hourani explained his own points of view about Middle Eastern history during a joint conference by the British and French Societies of Middle Eastern and Arabic history-studies.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Hourani on Middle Eastern History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author uses his personal understanding and impressions to articulate his argument. Furthermore, the speaker refers to his vast experience as a Middle-Eastern history scholar. In the talk, Hourani references several 20th century publications on the history of Middle East. Hourani’s main argument is that several inconsistencies are manifested during the mapping of Middle Eastern history. This paper explores Hourani’s main ideas on how history scholars should approach Middle Eastern historical studies in o rder not to make false conclusions or mistakes. The scholar points out the methods of viewing Middle Eastern history he considers inappropriate. The author begins his talk by noting the influence both British and French colonial administrations have had on the Middle Eastern history. According to Hourani, these two administrations promoted the culture of extensive historical scholarship in Middle East. Furthermore, Hourani recognizes that the evolution of Middle Eastern history depends on the contributions of various European historians. The speaker states that Middle East is a general term that has several geographical, historical, and religious associations. For instance, Albert Hourani poses the question whether or not these associations could mean that the Middle East is a single historical and geographical unit. After that Hourani explores this question by referencing publications, which address the origins of Islam and other Arab cultures.Advertising Looking for course work on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The speaker’s main point is that it is erroneous to address the history of a certain geographical region without considering its association and interaction with other regions and cultures. According to Hourani, it is not possible to consider the history of the geographical area that covers the territory from Nile to Oxus (Middle East) as homogenous. The speaker notes that the history of Middle East is definitely connected to the history of adjacent areas such as northern India and inner Asia. The most significant, prominent and influential time of Middle Eastern history includes the era of the Ottoman Empire. Historians note that the period between the 15th and 18th centuries stands out as the time of dominance for the Arabic culture and its creativity. Hourani argues that the influences of both the Ottoman Empire and Islam are pertinent to the Middle Eastern history. The speaker points out that the last congregation of most Middle Eastern countries occurred in the times the Ottoman Empire. During the Ottomans rule, several countries became parts of the Empire. Consequently, the Ottoman Empire unified these regions under Islam. Hourani notes that Islam is the last great force that united the Arabic nations into a monolithic linguistic and cultural unit. However, the history of Middle East outside of these three elements should not be ignored due to the prominence of Islam. According to Hourani, any historical work that addresses Middle Eastern development must consider the influences of the Ottoman Empire, Islam, and European colonization. Nevertheless, historians find it difficult to map the history of Middle East in the period between 11th and 15th centuries due to its diversity. Hourani also points out the difficulties of mapping the history of Islam during the last fifty years because most Arabic countries have separated and turned into indep endent states.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Hourani on Middle Eastern History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his talk, Hourani sought to address the different methodologies and strategies that could be used when studying the history of Middle East. According to the speaker, the influences of Islam and the Ottoman Empire should neither be ignored, nor should they be the limiting factors in the study of Middle Eastern History, as this territory is proved to have undergone multiple various influences and tendencies, causing diverse patterns and processes in its development.

Budget Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Budget - Assignment Example This type of budget helps corporate to have an insight on whether the available income will suffice to finance the anticipated expenditure (Millett, 2011). On the other hand, budget forecast, utilizes financial figures for previous period to come up with figures for the current period (Brookson, 2000). Therefore, it can be scrutinize that budget is a very important tool that can help to monitor revenues and avoid unnecessary spending (Millett, 2011). This assignment will focus on determining strategies for managing budget within forecast by comparing expenses with the budget and determining the possible reasons for a variance. Additionally, bench marking techniques will be identified and how they can help to improve future budgetary forecast within a hospital. Determine specific strategies to manage budgets within forecasts. Corporate financial managers and senior clinical financial officers may utilize different strategies for managing budgets within forecast. Among the suggested st rategies that may be used include; cost variance strategy, performance based strategy, zero based strategy, bench marking strategy and activity based strategy (Brookson, 2000). The cost variance strategy, focuses on finding the difference between the budgeted cost and the actual cost .When a negative variance is obtain, it is an indication that the actual cost were more than budgeted cost (Finkler & McHugh, 2008). Therefore, clinical financial officers should find out the reason for a negative variance and employ necessary measures to prevent such discrepancies in the future. Clinical financial officers may use performance based strategy. This strategy employs performance based dashboard and matrices to determine the proximate cause for a variance and look on necessary measures that can be employed to remedy the situation (Brookson, 2000). Additionally, clinical financial officers may apply zero based strategy to control budget. In this strategy, each expense incurred is assessed an d necessary recommendations are made thereafter (Finkler & McHugh, 2008). Bench marking strategy may be used whereby; information of the best performing hospitals may be gathered and analyzed. The information gathered may be used by clinical financial officers and hospital managers to make future budgetary improvements in their respective hospitals. The improvements may be carried out by emulating the best practices from a benchmarked hospital (Finkler & McHugh, 2008). Connectively, clinical financial officers may apply activity based strategy to control budget. In this strategy, hospital operating cost data may be gathered and allotted to specific activities in the hospital (Finkler & McHugh, 2008). Compare five to seven expense results with budget expectations, and describe possible reasons for variance. The following expenses were selected for comparison purposes and the possible reasons for the variances have been explained under each expense: Supplies 8,418 6,693 (1,725) -25.8% 89,456 84,283 (5,173) -6.1% 79,183 -13.0% The supply expenses were higher than the budgeted cost based on above figures. This indicates that the difference between budgeted cost and actual supply cost provided a negative variance (Millett, 2011).The possible reason for a negative supply variance may be attributed to higher demand for medical tools used to attend

Legal Technique and Reasoning Moot Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Technique and Reasoning Moot - Case Study Example When Barry asked Graham to unlock the door Graham refused and said that he would be released only after Barry finished cleaning the windows. This resulted in confinement of Barry for a considerable period of time2. My Lord false imprisonment is committed when an employee is deliberately and lawlessly held against his or her will not allowing him or her to leave the room. This could be done either by locking the person in a room or closing all the path through which he or she could go out. The most common way of retaining an employee by an employer is, when he refuses to allow the person to leave the room. The employer may do this by locking him or her in a room, or by putting someone at the door to the room to avoid the person from leaving. Nevertheless, movement of the person so imprisoned, must be entirely restricted so that the employer's action qualifies as false imprisonment. Thus in the case on hand Barry was locked on the scaffolding thereby completely restricting his movements. To be completely confined physically, the plaintiff must not be able to move from the place of confinement. A plaintiff, thus cannot be said to be totally confined, if a means of breaking out is available to the restricted person. Nevertheless, such means of escape must be fair and reasonable4. It was, for instance, a fair way of escape in (Wright v Wright) 5 where the escape required a nominal encroachment on the land of a third party. Thus for Barry v. Graham, Barry was physically restricted from moving out of the place.. ---------------------------------------- 4Burton v Davies [1953] St R Qd 26. 5Wright v Wright (1699) 1 Ld Raym 739. False imprisonment requires the captivity of another person or the control of their movement. To set up false imprisonment a plaintiff has to institute at least 3 elements, and perhaps a fourth also as is discussed below: (1) The plaintiff is restrained (that is he is, sort of imprisoned). (2) The defendant restrained the plaintiff and held captive. (3) The plaintiff has the suitable mental state, which is deliberate, almost certainly carelessness and maybe negligence. (4) Even though arguable, but extremely litigious contentious is the fourth element, and that is that the plaintiff must know of the imprisonment. If the supra mentioned elements are fulfilled then it is false imprisonment. Nevertheless sometimes it may so happen that the imprisonment which does not fulfil all these requirements may still be unjust in one of the two following ways: (1) It may be unjust in negligence6 (This case is for unintentional imprisonment). (2) It may be unjust due to an action as in the case (Williams v Hursey and Wright v Wilson)7, both the cases were for partial imprisonment. In case of (De Freville v Dill)8